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AI Act vs GDPR: how the two regulations interact, what each one regulates, and why FRIA and DPIA are independent obligations that complement each other.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the AI Act) and Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (the GDPR) are independent regulations that apply in parallel. The GDPR regulates the processing of personal data; the AI Act regulates the AI system itself — its risk class, its documentation, its lifecycle. The two overlap where personal data is processed by an AI system, but neither replaces the other. Art. 2(7) of the AI Act expressly preserves the GDPR. The Art. 27 FRIA complements — does not replace — the Art. 35 GDPR DPIA (Art. 27(4)). Penalties under each regulation are separate: GDPR up to €20M or 4% of worldwide turnover; AI Act up to €35M or 7% for prohibited practices. AICheck structures the technical documentation under Art. 11 + Annex IV of the AI Act, irrespective of GDPR status.

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€249 one-time payment · 12 PDF documents in ZIP · 45 minutes · 100% in your browser

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 · Article 11 + Annex IV · 12 documents · 100% browser-side — your data never leaves your machine

The numbers

2 regulations
AI Act = Reg (EU) 2024/1689 · GDPR = Reg (EU) 2016/679. Both directly applicable in all Member States.
Parallel
Art. 2(7) AI Act expressly preserves GDPR. Compliance with one does not satisfy the other.
Fines
AI Act: up to €35M / 7% (Art. 99(3)). GDPR: up to €20M / 4% (Art. 83(5)).

The two regulations side by side, with the connection points

Both regulations are horizontal, both apply to operators inside and outside the EU, and both rely on a risk-based logic — but the objects regulated, the subjects of obligations, and the assessment instruments are different.

AspectAI Act (Reg (EU) 2024/1689)GDPR (Reg (EU) 2016/679)
Subject regulatedThe AI system itself: development, placing on market, useThe processing of personal data
Applies regardless of personal data?Yes — applies even if no personal data is processedOnly where personal data is processed (Art. 2 GDPR)
Risk conceptRisk to health, safety, fundamental rights — by AI category (prohibited, high-risk, transparency, minimal)Risk to rights and freedoms of natural persons — case-by-case under Art. 24, Art. 35
Pre-market documentationArt. 11 + Annex IV technical documentation (9 blocks) for high-risk AIArt. 30 records of processing activities
Impact assessmentArt. 27 FRIA — public bodies + Annex III 5(b)(c) deployersArt. 35 DPIA — high-risk processing
Risk managementArt. 9 risk management system + Art. 17 QMSArt. 32 security of processing
Incident reportingArt. 73 serious incidents: 15d / 10d death / 2d widespreadArt. 33 personal data breach: 72 hours
Conformity / certificationArt. 43 conformity assessment + CE markingArt. 42 voluntary certification
Information to subjectArt. 50 transparency + Art. 26(11) for Annex IIIArts. 13 and 14 information to data subjects
Right not to be subject to automated decisionNot directly; transparency + human oversight under Art. 14Art. 22 specific right
Maximum fine€35M / 7% (Art. 99(3) for Art. 5 prohibitions)€20M / 4% (Art. 83(5) GDPR)
Enforcement authorityNational competent authorities under Art. 70 + AI OfficeNational supervisory authorities + EDPB

Article 2(7) of the AI Act provides: "Union law on the protection of personal data, privacy and the confidentiality of communications applies to personal data processed in connection with the rights and obligations laid down in this Regulation. This Regulation shall not affect Regulation (EU) 2016/679...".

Three common mistakes

COMMON MISTAKE

"GDPR-compliant means AI Act-compliant"

No. GDPR-compliant processing of personal data is one piece of the puzzle. The AI Act regulates the AI system itself: risk classification (Art. 6 + Annex III), technical documentation (Art. 11 + Annex IV), quality management system (Art. 17), conformity assessment (Art. 43), CE marking (Art. 48), registration (Art. 49), transparency for chatbots and synthetic content (Art. 50), post-market monitoring (Art. 72), serious-incident reporting (Art. 73). None of these is covered by GDPR compliance.

COMMON MISTAKE

"FRIA = DPIA in a new wrapper"

Art. 27(4): if any of the FRIA obligations is already met through a DPIA under Art. 35 GDPR or Art. 27 Directive (EU) 2016/680, the FRIA shall complement that DPIA. The two assessments are separate obligations covering different subject matters. A DPIA assesses processing of personal data; a FRIA assesses impact on fundamental rights of an AI deployment. They can share inputs and be performed jointly but neither replaces the other.

COMMON MISTAKE

"AI Act fines and GDPR fines cannot apply to the same conduct"

Art. 99(7)(b) and (c) of the AI Act provide that when deciding on an administrative fine, the competent authority shall consider whether administrative fines have already been applied by other market surveillance authorities or by other authorities for infringements of other Union or national law resulting from the same activity. Coordination is required, but two independent fines from two different regulators for two different breaches of two different regulations remain possible.

Does the AI Act apply to your system?

Answer these four questions to determine your obligations.

Does your system use machine learning, logic-based, or statistical approaches?
Art. 3(1) — definition of "AI system"
Is the system placed on the EU market or does its output affect persons in the EU?
Art. 2(1) — territorial scope (extraterritorial via 2(1)(c))
Is your system used in any Annex III domain? (employment, credit, education, law enforcement, migration, justice, critical infrastructure, biometrics)
Art. 6(2) + Annex III — high-risk classification
Are you the provider (developer) or the deployer (user) of the system?
Art. 3(3) provider · Art. 3(4) deployer — different obligations

Take the full AI Act risk classification test →

What the ZIP contains

12 PDF documents generated from your inputs. Each cites the article of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 it fulfils.

1

Risk Classification Report

Identifies whether your system is prohibited (Art. 5), high-risk (Art. 6 + Annex III) or subject to transparency obligations (Art. 50).

2

Technical Documentation

The 9 blocks of Annex IV in full: system description, training data, validation, performance metrics, risk management, human oversight. Art. 11 + Annex IV.

3

EU Declaration of Conformity

Signable document conforming to Art. 47 and Annex V.

4

Compliance Calendar

Key application dates: 2 Feb 2025, 2 Aug 2025, 2 Aug 2026, 2 Aug 2027. Art. 113.

5

Conformity Sheet

Executive summary of compliance status for authorities or commercial buyers. Art. 43 procedure.

6

Quality Management System (QMS)

QMS structure covering the 13 aspects required by Art. 17.

7

Deployer Instructions

Document for the entity deploying your system, conforming to Art. 13.

8

Evidence Checklist

Verifiable evidence list, cross-referenced to every Annex IV block.

9

Incident Report Template

Notification protocol conforming to Art. 73 (15 days general / 10 days death / 2 days widespread).

10

AI Literacy Programme

Training plan conforming to Art. 4, in force since 2 February 2025.

11

Post-Market Monitoring Plan

Plan structure required by Art. 72 and integrated into the technical documentation under Annex IV(9).

12

Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA)

Template under Art. 27 for public bodies, private entities providing public services, and Annex III 5(b)(c) deployers.

See before you buy — Download a sample dossier (PDF, fictional company) — Real structure, real articles, real format. Fictional data.

Generated from your inputs, in your browser. No data leaves your machine.

What you pay

🧾 AI ACT COMPLIANCE CONSULTANCY
€5,000–€15,000
3–6 months. They explain the obligations to you.
✓ AICHECK
€249
12 documents. 45 minutes. Solves the documentation.

Technical documentation and conformity assessment: two layers

● LAYER 1

Technical documentation — Annex IV

12 documents. 45 minutes. €249. The documentation your system needs before being placed on the market.

∅ LAYER 2

Conformity assessment by notified body

If your system falls under Art. 43(1) (Annex III point 1 biometrics with notified-body route, or Annex I products), you will need third-party conformity assessment. That is a separate process. AICheck does not replace it.

We do not sell audits. We do not sell consultancy. We sell the tool that structures your documentation under Annex IV.

Penalty regime

Article 99 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. Chapter XII (Penalties) applies from 2 August 2025.

🇪🇺
Non-compliance with prohibited practices (Art. 5)
€35M / 7%

Art. 99(3). Up to €35 million or 7% of total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher. For SMEs and start-ups: whichever is lower (Art. 99(6)).

🇪🇺
Non-compliance with operator obligations (high-risk, transparency, deployer)
€15M / 3%

Art. 99(4). Includes failure to draw up technical documentation under Art. 11 + Annex IV. Covers obligations of providers (Art. 16), deployers (Art. 26), authorised representatives (Art. 22), importers (Art. 23), distributors (Art. 24), notified bodies (Art. 31, 33, 34) and transparency under Art. 50.

🇪🇺
Supply of incorrect, incomplete or misleading information
€7.5M / 1%

Art. 99(5). Applies when information provided to notified bodies or national competent authorities is wrong or misleading.

Documenting 5 or more AI systems?

If you operate multiple AI systems and need to document them all under Annex IV, contact us for volume pricing at hello@solidwaretools.com.

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What AICheck guarantees, and what it does not

AICheck produces a document structured under Article 11 and Annex IV of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 from the information you provide. The accuracy, truthfulness and completeness of that information is your responsibility as provider of the AI system.

We guarantee that the document structure follows Article 11 and Annex IV of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 and that the legal references cited are correct as of the last verification date. We do not guarantee that a specific document will be accepted by a market surveillance authority in a given case, nor by a commercial buyer in a procurement process.

AICheck is not legal advice. For specific situations, consult a lawyer or specialised regulatory consultancy.

Frequently asked questions

Do the AI Act and the GDPR apply at the same time?
Yes, in parallel. Art. 2(7) of the AI Act explicitly preserves the GDPR. Where an AI system processes personal data — which is most AI systems — both regulations apply on their own terms. Compliance with one does not satisfy the other. Enforcement is by different authorities: national market surveillance authorities and the AI Office for the AI Act; national supervisory authorities (DPAs) and the EDPB for the GDPR.
Which one has higher maximum fines?
The AI Act. The top tier under Art. 99(3) for breach of Art. 5 prohibitions is €35 million or 7% of worldwide annual turnover (higher of the two). The GDPR's top tier under Art. 83(5) is €20 million or 4%. For other operator obligations, the AI Act Art. 99(4) tier is €15M or 3%, broadly comparable to GDPR's Art. 83(5)/(6). For misinformation to authorities, the AI Act sets €7.5M or 1% (Art. 99(5)).
What is the relationship between FRIA and DPIA?
Independent obligations under separate regulations. Art. 27(4) of the AI Act: where the Art. 35 DPIA already covers the relevant Art. 27 elements, the FRIA complements the DPIA. Art. 26(9): deployers may use the Art. 13 transparency information from the provider to comply with the Art. 35 DPIA. The two assessments can be performed jointly with cross-references, but each documents distinct decisions: DPIA — necessity, proportionality, safeguards for personal-data processing; FRIA — affected groups, specific harms, governance and complaint mechanisms for the AI deployment.
Is this a subscription?
No. One-time payment. The licence includes 30 days of editing and 10 regenerations. The PDF you download is yours to keep.
Can I request a refund?
Pursuant to Article 16(m) of Directive (EU) 2011/83 on consumer rights, by activating the licence you give express consent to the immediate generation of digital content, waiving the 14-day withdrawal right. Refunds are only accepted in the case of a reproducible technical failure.
What if the regulation changes?
If the regulation changes while your licence is active, you can regenerate the document with the updated version of the generator at no additional cost.
⚠️ Important notice: AICheck is a documentary self-assessment tool, not legal advice nor a third-party audit. The document under Article 11 and Annex IV of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 is generated from the data you input. The accuracy of that data is your responsibility. AICheck does not replace a qualified professional assessment.

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Twelve documents. Annex IV fully structured. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. Your data does not leave your machine. The ZIP you download is yours to keep.

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✓ Last regulatory verification: 11 May 2026 · No substantive changes detected · View history